Definition and Examples of a Fortiori

An argument in which a rhetor reaches a conclusion by first setting up two possibilities, one of which is more probable than the other. Whatever can be affirmed about the less probable can be affirmed with even greater force about the more probable. Etymology From the Latin, from the stronger Examples and Observations Remember the commercial for Life Cereal, the one where the brothers experiment on picky little Mikey? If Mikey liked it, the boys figured, anyone would. Thats an argument a fortiori: If something less likely is true, then something more likely will probably be true as well.(Jay Heinrich, If Bill Had Great Interns, Then Hillary . . . Figures of Speech Served Fresh, August 1, 2005) The concept underlying this phrase can be illustrated thus: if you do not trust your child to safely operate a bicycle, then a fortiori, you do not trust him to operate an automobile.This with stronger reason argument implies a comparison of values. The argument is grounded on the common sense (and logical) convention that within the same category the greater includes the lesser (or, if you will, the stronger includes the weaker). Do not let the use of the word includes mislead you. Because one person is taller than another does not mean the other is included within the one. The comparison is not between physical things, but between the relative values of actions, relationships, principles, or rules. When you make or analyze this type of argument, do not mix apples and oranges. The comparison should be one of factually like things and be factually meaningful. The objects of the comparison must share essential factual elements if they are to be of like kind. You may not trust your chi ld to operate a bicycle safely, but that does not necessarily mean that he cannot be trusted to bring in the groceries.(Ron Villanova, Legal Methods: A Guide for Paralegals and Law Students. Llumina Press, 1999) It is an argument a fortiori, from the stronger. If I show you that two is less than ten then it is easy to persuade you a fortiori that two is less than twenty. If I show you that what you think is a burden of the welfare state is actually small, or badly estimated, or a benefit, then it is less difficult to persuade you that rolling back the welfare state requires sober thinking about the alternatives.(Stephen Ziliak, review of The Economic Consequences of Rolling Back the Welfare State. Journal of Economic Literature, March 2001) I feel that it is my civic duty to pay my taxes as well as my other bills, and that it is my moral duty to make an honest declaration of my income to the income tax authorities. But I do not feel that I and my fellow citizens have a religious duty to sacrifice our lives in war on behalf of our own state, and, a fortiori, I do not feel that we have an obligation or a right to kill and maim citizens of other states or to devastate their land.(Arnold Toynbee) Pronunciation: a-FOR-tee-OR-ee

Discourse Theory in Sla - 1113 Words

The Discourse Theory Ranjit Kumar Jha KathmanduUniversity2012 Second language Acquisition or second language learning is the process by which people learn a second language. Second language acquisition is also the name of the scientific discipline devoted to studying that process. Second language refers to any language learned in addition to a person’s first language; although the concept is named second language acquisition, it can also incorporated the learning of third ,forth or subsequent language. Second language acquisition is totally conscious process because it has some rules and regulations, theoretical concept or some structural pattern or systems. The language that we learn consciously after the first language is†¦show more content†¦They interact better than the adults. They have very less chance to make mistake at any cost .they enjoy to interact without any hesitations .Hatch shows that in child learners discourse, conversations typically competence with attempts by the child to â€Å"open the channels â€Å"by calling for adults attentions. The adult then responds by identifying the object that appears to have attracted the child’s attention and the child repeats the have of the objects. Classroom Implications of the Discourse theory Discourse theory has a very important role in second language teaching. There are so many methods and techniques that we use for teaching and learning the target language in language classroom. Discourse theory supposed to one of the very effective method for learning the target language. teacher should create an interactive environment in language classroom. They try to make them involve in discussion in target language. Criticisms/weaknesses of the discourse theory Although this is a very effective theory, this theory is criticized by many of the people. The main criticism the theory deserves in the methodological weakness. There is no certain method that we imply to the learners directly. Language cannotShow MoreRelatedThe First Article Is Chaos / Complexity Science And Second Language Acquisition1109 Words   |  5 PagesKhalid Yanouri EDUC 4339 Journal article Assignment The title of the first article is Chaos/ complexity Science and Second Language Acquisition. 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Basically, CFRead MoreThe Interaction Hypothesis (Ih) Essay2023 Words   |  9 Pagescentral to Krashen’s Input Hypothesis but claimed that this input was most likely to be acquired during interactions which involved discourse modifications. This claim supported that of Hatch (1978) who showed a direct link between the way learners acquired a second language (l2) and the interactions they are involved in using the L2. The theory also expands on theories concerning the modifications native speakers (NS) make to their language when interacting with non-native speakers (NNS). Henzl (1973)Read MoreMy Fascination With Second Language Acquisition Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesinsights, appreciate and analyze many aspects of this powerful medium of expression. My fascination with Second Language Acquisition (SLA) began with the course ‘Language Acquisition and Learning’ that I took while I was in the 4th year of my undergraduate program at the University of Dhaka. In that course, for the first time, I was introduced to various theories and hypotheses about how people acquire a second language, such as Stephen Krashen’s five main hypotheses on language acquisition (theRead MoreThe Goals Of Language Learning And Teaching1019 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"because I like the language,† â€Å"for my future career,† â€Å"for travelling in different countries,† â€Å"to have a better understanding of other countries thinking way,† and â€Å" because I would like to live in foreign countires.† In SLA perspective, there are many goals for language learners. SLA focuses on â€Å"whether the learners actually obtain native-like competence†(Long, 1990), The goal can be overcoming problems with language learner’s communicative abilities; the goal can be emulating the native speakers;Read MoreA Candidate For The Ed.d833 Words   |  4 Pagesmore efficient and practical teaching and learning methodologies in SLA. Summary †¢ Accomplished teacher with extensive experience in teaching English/Korean languagelessons. †¢ Balanced bilingual linguist in Korean and English with exceptional linguistic skills and knowledge of second and third language learning processes. †¢ MA graduate in forensic linguistics program with in-depth knowledge of general and forensic linguistic theories and application of scientific principles of linguistics in variousRead MoreSecond Language Acquisition ( Sla ) Theory1456 Words   |  6 Pagesacquisition (SLA) theory. In this section I address a number of studies that have been conducted on vocabulary acquisition and share results of studies that are related to the topic. This is the framework I use for establishing the importance of the study and a benchmark of comparing results with other findings. Literature Review Vocabulary Acquisition History Since the early 1980s, research on second language vocabulary has taken a prominent role in the field of second language acquisition (SLA). PreviouslyRead MoreThe Influence of Age Factors on Second Language Acquisition2762 Words   |  12 PagesAge Factors on Second Language Acquisition Xu Bailin Abstract: In second language acquisition, age factors has always been the study focus and one of the most controversial issues of linguistics. Based on the Brain Plasticity Theory and the Critical Period Hypothesis, the purpose is to prove such a hypothesis that the younger the leaner who begins to learn an second language,the greater the probability that he or she will achieve a native-like command of it. Read MoreVocabulary Acquisition History And It Is Important1280 Words   |  6 PagesVocabulary acquisition history and it is importance in learning a language Vocabulary learning is no longer the Cinderella of the field of second language acquisition (SLA) research. Since the early 1980s, research on second language vocabulary learning has taken a prominent role in the field of SLA. Previously, learning a language was heavily based on learning grammar rules, which learners have to follow and understand in order to use correct grammatical sentences. As a result, that has led to aRead MoreEssay about The Critical Perido Hypothesis2439 Words   |  10 Pagesrole in language learning. However, there is a loss of brain plasticity or the loss of use in one side of the brain. In language learning, Lenneberg claims this loss occurs at puberty. Scovel claimed it was around age 12 (Bongaerts, 1999). His theory is biologically based. After puberty, Lenneberg argues that, â€Å"language acquisition cannot be easily attained nor can foreign accents be easily overcome† (Bongaerts, Planken, and Schils, 1995, p. 31). Thus, adults have a har der time learning a second

Information System Management- Case Study of Access Group

Question: Understand how and why database systems are specified, designed, implemented, tested, maintained and used. Analyse an organisations requirements for data storage and information gathering and how managerial decisions are influenced. Evaluate the concept of database management and the technical responsibilities of a database administrator. Answer: Introduction Database management system is one of the most advanced tools of business intelligence applications which are used to turn the data into information and the information into the knowledge (Hernandez, 2013). This contributes to driving profitable action for the organization by minimizing the servicing cost to the customers. This report strongly focuses on the uses of database management system in an organization, its benefits, and challenges to make systematic decisions. In this aspect, a software developer organization of UK known as Access group is selected to analyze their database uses and its applications. Based on that analysis, prospects of this database system can be evaluated as a business intelligence tool. 1. Background of Database Management System (DBMS) Database management system is the repository storage of data and its interrelated information. From small enterprises to large organizations, DBMS is mostly preferred to provide a convenient and reliable platform for the users to develop best business applications and services for the customers (Leromain and Orefice, 2014). Figure 1: Database Management System (Source: Charoute et al. 2015, pp-2445) DBMS is used to access high rate data from a database system, and it is served to the users through application program interface platform. The database management system consists of three major components which are memory manager, query processor and transaction manager (Rubner and Tomasi, 2013). Query processor optimizes the users queries into instructions, memory manager obtain those data to satisfy the complied queries and the transaction manager checks whether the execution is done properly or not. Figure 2: Database Architecture (Source: Coronel and Morris, 2016, pp-150) This client server database model is introduced to mitigate the drawbacks of files systems used in an organization. With this query optimizing facilities and data storage and sharing capabilities, database administrators will be able to make enhanced decisions for the betterment of the organization. 2. Capabilities of Database Management Systems The database management system is highly recommended to support the decision making the process of the organization by optimizing the queries quickly. Some of the unique qualities possessed by database system are as follows Redundancy Control: The database system controls the data redundancy by developing the application programs (Vo et al. 2012). As a result, employees and other users can access the system files and data. Moreover, it helps to generate more and more information from the large stored data. Isolate Data and Program: In the database system, the data are stored in system catalog but not in the program. Therefore, change in the system structure does not alter the entire database system (Andrikopoulos et al. 2013). This isolation helps to maintain the data integrity throughout the business organization. Backup and Recovery: This is one of the useful features of a database system that allow protecting the crucial data and information in case of system fails. In this case, database ensures that all the crucial data are its in original state and can be accessed in times of needs. Restrict The Unauthorized Access: With a secured and authorized subsystem, the database administrators set the access rights and permission for the users (David and David, 2016). This helps to prevent unauthorized access to the internal system of the business organization. The above mentioned capabilities of the database system can be understood in a better way by taking the example of leading IT organization IBM. The database solution provided by IBM helps to manage data across the multiple workloads by reducing the development, administration and server cost. IBM uses DB2, IMS, and Cloudant. Figure 3: Official Logo of IBM (Source: Ibm.com. 2016) The IBM DB2 database system helps to provide continuous and fast availability of the data to run analytical and transactional operations with high efficiencies. With the use of IBM Cloudant which is cost effective and can enhance the security features by adding a subtract server. Moreover that, cloud based database system is very time effective and can handle huge workloads effectively (Ibm.com. 2016). IBM IMS is the cost effective database system and is used to achieve critical online transaction processing application successfully. It provides highest levels of performance, scalability, availability and security to manage and distribute data throughout the organization. 3. Challenges of Database Management Systems (Please link with chosen company) Rapid and dynamic changes in the database system pose some challenges for the database administrator as well as for the organization. While switching from one database system to another or while upgrading the existing system, the decision making the process of the organization is significantly affected (Theaccessgroup.com, 2016). Access group uses Oracle database with shared services and multiple applications which are quite complex to implement inside the organization at the initial stages. Some of these challenges are highlighted as follows Lack of environmental knowledge makes the discovery of application a challenging issue Shared databases pose challenges regarding data integrity and security Complexity of the application disrupts the feasibility of the system This migration from an old database system to a new database system increases the operational cost as well as the risk factors regarding data security. As the multiple homogeneous data sources are the present extraction of those data and query optimization becomes so difficult. There are many more challenges arise regarding data visualization and issues with distribution and development tools which must be handled tactfully for smooth and reliable business operations. 4. Advantages of Database Management Systems However, use of database system also serves several advantages to the business clients by proving an integrated solution. Figure 4: Database Services (Source: Rubner and Tomasi, 2013, pp-250) By leveraging the database challenges, organizations serve the benefits of database services in the following ways: Reduce Operational Expenditure and Capital Cost: Creation of higher density databases per server on multi-tenant platform helps to offer low operational cost through enhanced automation and management productivity (Charoute et al. 2015). Optimization of database queries helps to reduce the ownership cost and increase the ROI (Return on Investment). Enhance Business Efficiencies: Use of systematic data collection method, complexities of data silos can be eliminated. Consolidate database system and shared resources help to streamline the business operations, improve productivity and decision making processes. Improve Business Value: By the use of the database, the business administrator can align its applications with business strategies to earn long term benefits (Wang et al. 2012). Data can be easily moved from one node to another as per the business needs. Moreover, the recovery and back up facilities helps to keep the data and files protected in case of system failure. Use of database system in every business sector is very crucial to provide greater concurrency control by offering accessible and secure services for reliable business operations. In addition, implementation of perfect database system helps to manage a large volume of data and workloads in a systematic fashion (Agrawal et al. 2012). In order to achieve improved business efficiencies, the database system must be used with high level of integrity, reliability and privacy features. 5. Technical, Ethical and Legal Challenges for Information System Manager Information system manager helps to make proper plans for database development and installation inside the organization. However, while adopting this new system, information system manager faces technical, ethical and legal challenges which are highlighted in the following points Technical Challenges: Installation of the proper database system is not an easy task at all. While developing a database system, information system manager must understand the business needs and necessities (Becker et al. 2012). In the development phase, the absence of data profiling tool creates a problem for the developer to analyze and measure the data quality of the source. Then, for the individual application, data acceptance criterion should be set which increase the maintenance cost of the system. In the PEMEX organization, the information system manager faces lots of challenges while handling large arrays of data and information due to technical loopholes in database system (Pamex.in, 2016). Absence of proper data mining and proofing tools and techniques crates lots of problems to analyze the crucial information. Therefore, this organization has decided to move their database system to a reliable environment to improve data quality and efficiency. Ethical Challenges: As multiple users can share the same resources, privacy and security is the greatest challenge faced by the information system manger. The users who can get access to the database system can misuse the power (Gray et al. 2013). As a result, crucial information of the organization is lost and can be used for unauthorized purposes. Moreover, if proper authorization is not applied, the retrieved data can be misused. Due to the absence of proper security protocols, in the year 2014, external business groups GOP (The Guardians of Peace) have steal more than 100 terabytes data comprise of SSN (Social Security Number), movies, salaries and many other organizational information (Sony.co.in, 2016). At last, the organizational authorities gave up and told the users to update their passwords frequently. Legal Challenges: It is the sole responsibility of the information system manager to keep the crucial data and files of the organization protected. However, due to some loopholes such as the absence of authorization protocol, important information can be lost. This is a greater problem for an organization as unauthorized users can misuse these data (Kasslin et al. 2012). As a result, the organizational authority can take legal actions against the information system manager. All these mess-ups negatively affect the business relationships. Home depot employees are accused and arrested because of stealing employees confidential information from the stored database system of the organization. This kind of issues negatively affect the brand image of the organization and customer satisfaction. 6. Database Used in Access Group The Access Group is a software developer and consultancy organization based in UK provides solutions for CRM (Customer Relationship Management), ERP (Enterprise Resource Software) and finance solution for the small organizations. Figure 5: Official Logo of Access Group (Source: Theaccessgroup.com, 2016) The two major operations served by the database system of this organization are discussed as below: CRM Management: In access group, large database system is used to store data and information to manage the interaction with existing and future customers. Customers information is stored in a structured way by using the groups like name, company and job title. Through these database system customers, the database administrator of this organization properly analyzes the buying patterns and needs of the customers (Group, T. 2016). Use of this information helps to sustain customers loyalty and can draw more new customers towards their organization. This stored information helps to change the organizational structure to meet these needs successfully so that greater profitability can be achieved. ERP Solution: Almost 2000 companies depend on the ERP software provided by this organization to make intelligent and timely operation. The advanced database system used in this organization helps to generate scheduled reports by creating automatic workflows, streamline process and strong supplier chain (Group, T. 2016). The ERP solution provided by this organization helps to manage the production, sales inventory, quality management and human resource management. This ERP solution is very important to secure the data stored in the database system by proving authorization and authentication mechanism. 7. Opportunities and Challenges to Use Cloud Databases and NonRelational Databases with respect to the traditional database system Recently this organization uses traditional approach of the relational database system which offers ERP, CRM, and many finance relations. However, use of cloud database system or non-relational database system can improve the existing performance of the organization. But the use of new database system can pose to some challenges which must be tactfully handled by the organization. Advantages of NonRelational Database: designing and installation of nonrelational database is very simple and do not have to deal with impedance mismatch between object oriented approach and applications. This kind of database automatically spreads over the servers without changing the application (Charoute et al. 2015). In addition, this type of database system can store structured as well as unstructured data. It supports data replication, so higher availability and disaster recovery can be achieved. Challenges of NonRelational Database: Non relational database is not so reliable like relational database system and compromises with the performance consistency. Security is a major concern in this kind of database due to lack of encryption facilities, authorization, and authentication protocol. Advantages of Cloud Database: Cloud database system is very cost effective and can enhance the scalability and security of the database system at larger extent. Data stored in the cloud system can be remotely controlled and accessed (Jagadish et al. 2014). Moreover, the organization do not need additional hardware to maintain this database system. As a result, the operational cost can be reduced. Challenges of Cloud Database: In the absence of internet, data or files cannot be accessed from the cloud database system which is a greater challenge for any organization. In addition, a specific bandwidth is required to have access to the cloud based system which increases the operational cost of the organization. Conclusion From this report, it can be concluded that Use of the database system as a business intelligence tool helps to store the large array of data and information for business applications. The database management system can serve several advantages to the business organization as well as its limitations can lead to the greater challenge for any organization. A case study of a software developer organization based in UK has recognized to analyze the applications of the database system for business benefits. The database system of access group provides integrated CRM, ERP, and finance solution to the small organization of UK. However, use of relational database system can be replaced by cloud database system and nonrelational database system for better and smooth operations. But installation of these new systems needs skilled personnel and expertise to enhance the business operations for the betterment of the organization. Proper use of this database management system can help to transform the crucial data into knowledge which can be used in the business applications. This knowledge management is very necessary to handle huge amount of data and information of the business organization which helps the system manager to make impactful decisions for the organization. Recommendations In order to improve the performance of the database management system, the following recommendations should be followed Scalability: The database and web server should be separated so that database queries can be easily optimized. The organizational authorities should try to avoid the usage of swap files to store and handle large amount of data and information easily. Hardware Configuration: The RAM size on the server should be increased, so huge amount of data can be obtained which will allow the server to handle multiple users at the same time. Instead of SATA drivers, SCSI disks should be used to backup the crucial data. Therefore, information can be obtained in case of system failure. References Andrikopoulos, V., Binz, T., Leymann, F. and Strauch, S., 2013. How to adapt applications for the Cloud environment.Computing,95(6), pp.493-535. Baykas, T., Kasslin, M., Cummings, M., Kang, H., Kwak, J., Paine, R., Reznik, A., Saeed, R. and Shellhammer, S.J., 2012. Developing a standard for TV white space coexistence: Technical challenges and solution approaches.IEEE Wireless Communications,19(1), pp.10-22. Becker, R., Gray, W. and Marvakov, J., 2013. NBER-CES Manufacturing Industry Database: Technical Notes.NBER Working Paper,5809. Charoute, H., Bakhchane, A., Benrahma, H., Romdhane, L., Gabi, K., Rouba, H., Fakiri, M., Abdelhak, S., Lenaers, G. and Barakat, A., 2015. Mediterranean Founder Mutation Database (MFMD): Taking Advantage from Founder Mutations in Genetics Diagnosis, Genetic Diversity and Migration History of the Mediterranean Population.Human mutation,36(11), pp.E2441-E2453. Coronel, C. and Morris, S., 2016.Database systems: design, implementation, management. Cengage Learning. Das, S., Agrawal, D. and El Abbadi, A., 2013. ElasTraS: An elastic, scalable, and self-managing transactional database for the cloud.ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS),38(1), p.5. David, F. and David, F.R., 2016. Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases. Group, T. (2016).Business Solutions | Enterprise Business Software | The Access Group. [online] Theaccessgroup.com. Available at: https://www.theaccessgroup.com/ [Accessed 6 Jul. 2016]. Hernandez, M.J., 2013.Database design for mere mortals: a hands-on guide to relational database design. Pearson Education. Ibm.com. (2016).IBM About IBM - India. [online] Available at: https://www.ibm.com/ibm/in/en/ [Accessed 6 Jul. 2016]. Jagadish, H.V., Gehrke, J., Labrinidis, A., Papakonstantinou, Y., Patel, J.M., Ramakrishnan, R. and Shahabi, C., 2014. Big data and its technical challenges.Communications of the ACM,57(7), pp.86-94. Leromain, E. and Orefice, G., 2014. New revealed comparative advantage index: Dataset and empirical distribution.International Economics,139, pp.48-70. Mozafari, B., Curino, C. and Madden, S., 2013, January. DBSeer: Resource and Performance Prediction for Building a Next Generation Database Cloud. InCIDR. Pamex.in. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.pamex.in [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. Rubner, Y. and Tomasi, C., 2013.Perceptual metrics for image database navigation(Vol. 594). Springer Science Business Media. Sony.co.in. (2016). Sony India | Latest Technology News | Electronics | Entertainment | Sony IN. [online] Available at: https://www.sony.co.in [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. Theaccessgroup.com. (2016).Solve challenges and improve your bottom line |The Access Group. [online] Available at: https://www.theaccessgroup.com [Accessed 13 Jul. 2016]. Vo, H.T., Wang, S., Agrawal, D., Chen, G. and Ooi, B.C., 2012. LogBase: a scalable log-structured database system in the cloud.Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment,5(10), pp.1004-1015.

Australian Indigenous People

Question: Discuss about the Australian Indigenous People. Answer: Introduction: The argument of Peter Sutton (2001, 13) that the problem of the Aboriginal People arises from a mix of complex factors that are ancient cultural and social and various external forces has been rightly argued. If we observe the history of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander there disadvantage began with them being disposed of their land and then being displaced. The losses of their autonomy, racial discrimination, and povertys intergenerational effects have further fuelled their disadvantages (Aboriginal economy society: Australia at the threshold of colonisation, 2005). There are more often than not various prejudices that have been faced by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people when they try to rent the home, get services in banks and shops, find a job and do the most common things which every other Australian takes for granted. There are casual relationships that exist with each disadvantage that interrelates to another disadvantage. For example, without their bei ng adequate facilities for studying at home, even with the encouragement from parents, learning would not be an easy task. Education similarly would be difficult for children who are suffering from middle ear troubles or a hearing loss or are malnourished (Macoun, 2011). Health is affected due to there being poor sanitation and housing that is not appropriate. There is often tertiary education which is required for progression to middles and senior positions. Being unemployed and poor lower statistically the self-esteem and increases death, illness and the likelihood of their being imprisonment and arrest, just as poor health effects employability and limits achievement in education. There has been great suffering that the indigenous people have suffered in the past. It can well be stated that the problems that are faced by the Australian Indigenous people arise today from a complex combination together of the current which, which the time post-conquest, and external impact from factors that are historical, with there being a relevant number of pre-existing ancient, cultural and social factors (Austlii.edu.au, 2016). In Peter Sutton's article, the focus has in general been laid upon only violent conflicts however, these factors do trickle down to various disadvantages that are being faced by the indigenous people today (Sutton, 2001). There are various people for whom the proposition that the disadvantages to the Indigenous people have been caused by factors that are external only, such as colonization, is a fiction that continues to sustain. The defense for this sustaining fiction is that it is not possible for the masses to understand the subtlety that is there behind the truth and it is towards simplistic that they are more inclined towards (Austlii.edu.au, 2016). There has been on the contrary a silence relatively on the complexity of the casual factor, and there has been no acknowledgment of the same. In his 2001 academic paper Peter Suttons argument that the violence level and depravity require examining together the various complex factors as mentioned above. His argument is ended with shifts that are significant in the economy and culture of the Aboriginal people. Paul Toohey in his article Peter Sutton has been openly quoted and the differential treatment of the Aboriginal communities and the Aboriginal liberation politics wisdom (Ryan, 2010). The Aboriginal people in the 1960s asserted their right to freedom to vote, movement, accessing of social security at least the minimum level, consumption of alcohol and various other such freedoms. The achievement that resulted has helped close the gap that exists between the status of the Aboriginal as determined by the administrative and legislative action at both State and Commonwealth level on the one hand and citizenship rights on the other hand. This translated into practice as the discriminatory practices' removal by which the pa rticipation of the Aboriginal people were restricted in the white Australian's civic life (The Politics of Suffering: Indigenous Australia and the end of the liberal consensus, 2010). To take up on the point of Sutton on coming together of various factors that are cultural, there was no or little deep-seated recognition of a difference of values or culture during the liberation politics' mobilization. The distinct cultures and value of the Aboriginal Australia may be marketed by the white Australia in pursuit of national symbolism and gains economically, however, with respect to administrative and political policies, the values of the Aboriginal are considered to be common with that of all the Australians. The gains of the Aboriginal from politics of liberation include them being able to access the white citizenship, internal and institutional assimilationist of practices and policies, incorporatist models. In short being the opportunity to be in the white Australian's lifestyle. References Aboriginal economy society: Australia at the threshold of colonisation. (2005).Choice Reviews Online, 42(05), pp.42-2891-42-2891. Austlii.edu.au. (2016).Overcoming Disadvantage. [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/orgs/car/overcoming_disadvantage/pg3.htm [Accessed 4 Aug. 2016]. Macoun, A. (2011). Aboriginality and the Northern Territory Intervention.Australian Journal of Political Science, 46(3), pp.519-534. Ryan, L. (2010). Rewriting Aboriginal history.History Australia, 7(3), pp.70.1-70.2. Sutton, P. (2001). The politics of suffering: Indigenous policy in Australia since the 1970s.Anthropological Forum, 11(2), pp.125-173. The Politics of Suffering: Indigenous Australia and the end of the liberal consensus. (2010).Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34(5), pp.535-536.